Charles Darwin facing accusations of plagiarism

Charles Darwin facing accusations of plagiarism

  9:54:00 PM    Science Lover

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Experts have criticised Charles Darwin for plagiarism and unjustly claiming credit as the father of evolutionary theory.

As the scientific world prepares to mark bicentenary of the author of 'On the Origin of Species', a group of critics has commissioned computer experts with specialized anti-plagiarism software to scour Darwin's book, published in 1859, for similarities to a paper released the year before by Alfred Russel Wallace, a naturalist who worked for eight years in modern Indonesia.

Initial indications are that the analysis will reveal that some of the ideas in On the Origin of Species were taken from Wallace, particularly, the idea that species with variations helping them to survive would thrive and pass on these features to their offspring.

As far as the dispute over who deserves the credit is concerned, it is as old as evolutionary theory itself, with Darwin's defenders claiming the two came up with similar ideas independently at the same time, reports TimesOnline.

According to James Moore, a biographer and professor of the history of science at the Open University, the new plagiarism claim is "manufactured."

He added that those pursuing it were under qualified to do so.

"You wouldn't go to a plumber to do your tax return," he said.

The adulation has shocked critics, including lawyer David Hallmark, a trustee of the Wallace Foundation of Indonesia.

"The descent of Wallace from equality to relative invisibility is the direct result of the unlawful conduct of Charles Darwin by suppressing the true worth of Wallace as the author of the theory," Hallmark said.

The software used by Hallmark's copyright experts can detect where phrasing is identical and also signs of an author's style being copied.

Hallmark plans to submit his findings to the International Association of Forensic Linguists in Amsterdam in July.

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Virtual crash dummy to make driving much safer

Virtual crash dummy to make driving much safer

  10:12:00 PM    Science Lover

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Automakers have been crashing test dummies to gain insight into how safety systems protect or fail to protect people during car accidents.

But these dummies made out of plastic and steel, not tissue and bone, have their limitations. Now a virtual dummy being developed by two engineering teams with University of Virginia (UVa) Centre for Biomechanics, will make driving much safer.

These virtual dummies, computational models of a human being, will be complete with lifelike detail of the complexities and characteristics of flesh, bones, ligaments, blood vessels and organs.

Researchers will be able to see, how a neck breaks in a crash, how a lung is punctured by a broken rib or a liver is bruised or a hip shattered.

Besides a virtual dummy test will cost nothing, compared to the typical physical crash test dummy, which costs about $5,000 to $100,000.

"Already, cars and their safety systems are designed on computers," said Richard Kent, one of UVa's team leaders on the project and a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering.

"It's logical that we would create a virtual crash test dummy that would allow us to test these safety systems before they are ever physically built."

Kent and his six-member team is charged with creating a highly detailed and realistic computer model of the human thorax and upper extremities, including the ribcage, muscles and ligaments, and the lungs and heart.

Jeff Crandall, UVa professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering, is leading another team in the development of a virtual pelvis and lower extremities, said a UVa release penned by Fariss Samarrai.

An international group of automakers and suppliers have formed a Global Human Body Models Consortium, which funded the two teams with $3 million to complete their projects within the next few years.

Teams of researchers at six other universities and institutes are creating models of other parts of the human body, including the head, neck and abdomen.

"Eventually all of these models will be joined together to create the most sophisticated and lifelike simulation of the entire human body ever assembled for safety testing," said Damien Subit, a UVa research scientist working on the model of the thorax.

He said the virtual human will be subjected to nearly infinite virtual crash scenarios to determine in graphic detail what happens to organs, bone and tissue when subjected to forces and impacts from a range of angles at different velocities.

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